Imperfekti
Testaa tietosiImperfektin määritelmä
Imperfektiä, jota joskus kutsutaan myös preteriksi, käytetään kun halutaan puhua päättyneestä toiminnasta ajanjaksolla ennen nykyisyyttä. Imperfekti on menneen ajan aikamuodon perusmuoto englannissa. Toiminta on voinut tapahtua lähihistoriassa tai kauemman aikaa sitten ja toiminnan kestolla ei ole merkitystä.
Esimerkkejä
- John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
- My father died last year.
- He lived in Fiji in 1976.
- We crossed the Channel yesterday.
Imperfektiä käytetään aina, kun kuvaillaan milloin jotakin tapahtui, joten se liitetään tiettyihin menneen ajan ilmaisuihin.
-
yleisyys: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school. -
tietty ajanjakso: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night -
epämääräisiin ajan ilmaisuihin: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
Huomioi: sana ago on hyödyllinen kuvailemaan menneen ajan etäisyyttä jälkeen ajanjakson: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
Imperfektin muodostaminen
Säännöllisten verbien imperfekti
| Myönteinen | ||
| Subjekti | + verbi + ed | |
| I | skipped. | |
| Kielteinen | ||
| Subjekti | + did not | + infinitiivi ilman to |
| They | didn't | go. |
| Kysymyslause | ||
| Did | + subject | + infinitiivi ilman to |
| Did | she | arrive? |
| Kielteinen kysymyslause | ||
| Did not | + subjekti | + infinitiivi ilman to |
| Didn't | you | play? |
To Walk
| Myönteinen | Kielteinen | Kysymyslause |
|---|---|---|
| I walked | I didn't walk | Did I walk? |
| You walked | You didn't walk | Did you walk? |
| He walked | He didn't walk | Did he walk? |
| We walked | We didn't walk | Did we walk? |
| They walked | They didn't walk | Did they walk? |
Imperfektimuodot: to be, to have, to do
| Subjekti | Verbi | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Be | Have | Do | |
| I | was | had | did |
| You | were | had | did |
| He/She/It | was | had | did |
| We | were | had | did |
| You | were | had | did |
| They | were | had | did |
Huomioita myönteisistä, kielteisistä & kysymysmuodoista
Myönteinen
Imperfektin myönteisen lauseen muodostus on helppoa.
- I was in Japan last year
- She had a headache yesterday.
- We did our homework last night.
Kielteinen ja kysymysmuoto
Kielteisen ja kysymysmuodon imperfektien muodostuksessa käytetään pääverbiä "to do", jolloin apuverbi muuttaa muotoaan "did", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.
Sanan "have" kielteinen muoto imperfektissä muodostetaan yleensä käyttämällä apuverbiä "did", mutta joskus lisätään vain not tai lyhennys "n't".
Kysymysmuoto sanalle "have" muodostetaan imperfektissä yleensä käyttämällä apuverbiä "did".
Esimerkkejä
- They weren't in Rio last summer.
- We didn't have any money.
- We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
- We didn't do our exercises this morning.
- Were they in Iceland last January?
- Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
- Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Huomioi: Kaikkien verbien imperfektien kysymys- ja kieltomuodoille, käytä aina apuverbiä 'did''.
Epäsäännöllisten verbien imperfekti
to go
- He went to a club last night.
- Did he go to the cinema last night?
- He didn't go to bed early last night.
to give
- We gave her a doll for her birthday.
- They didn't give John their new address.
- Did Barry give you my passport?
to come
- My parents came to visit me last July.
- We didn't come because it was raining.
- Did he come to your party last week?