3. tyypin konditionaali
Muoto
3. tyypin konditionaalilauseessa 'if' lauseen aikamuoto on pluskvamperfekti ja päälauseen aikamuoto on perfektikonditionaali tai perfekti kestokonditionaali.
| If-lause (ehto) | Päälause (lopputulos) |
|---|---|
| If + pluskvamperfekti | perfektikonditionaali tai perfekti kestokonditionaali |
| If this thing had happened | that thing would have happened. |
Niin kuin kaikissa konditionaalilauseissa, lausejärjestys ei ole kiinteä. Voit joutua uudelleen järjestelemään pronomineja ja välimerkkejä, kun vaihdat lausejärjestystä, mutta merkitys säilyy samana.
Esimerkkejä
- If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.
- You would have gotten wet if it had rained.
- You would have passed your exam if you had worked harder.
- If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.
- I would have believed you if you hadn't lied to me before.
- If you hadn't lied to me before, I would have believed you.
Funktio
3. tyypin konditionaali viittaa mahdottomaan tilaan menneisyydessä ja sen oletettuun tulokseen menneisyydessä. Nämä lauseet ovat todellakin hypoteettisia ja epätosia, koska nyt on jo liian myöhäistä sille, että tilanne tai tulos olisi olemassa. 3. tyypin lauseissa on myös aina jonkinlainen viittaus katumukseen. Todellisuus on vastakohtaista sille, mitä lause ilmaisee. 3. tyypin konditionaalilauseissa aika on menneisyydessä ja tilanne on hypoteettinen.
Esimerkkejä
- If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam. (Mutta en työskennellyt kovasti, enkä läpäissyt koetta.)
- If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake. (Mutta en tiennyt, enkä leiponut kakkua.)
- I would have been happy if you had called me on my birthday. (Mutta sinä et soittanut minulle, enkä minä ole iloinen.)
3. tyypin konditionaalilauseissa voit käyttää myös modaaliapuverbejä päälauseessa, sanan "would" sijaan, ilmaisemaan varmuuden tasoa, lupaa tai suositusta lopputuloksesta.
Esimerkkejä
- If I had worked harder I might have passed the exam.
- You could have been on time if you had caught the bus.
- If he called you, you could go.
- If you bought my school supplies for me, I might be able to go to the park.
Lyhenteet
Sekä would että had voidaan lyhentää käyttämällä heittomerkkiä 'd, mikä voi olla hämmentävää, jos et ole sujut 3. tyypin konditionaalilauseiden kanssa. Muista 2 sääntöä:
1. would ei ikinä esiinny if-lauseessa, joten jos 'd esiintyy If-lauseessa, se täytyy lyhentää, had.
2. had ei ikinä esiinny ennen have, joten jos 'd esiintyy pronominin kanssa juuri ennen have, se täytyy lyhentää would.
Esimerkkejä
- If I'd known you were in hospital, I'd have visited you.
- If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
- I'd have bought you a present if I'd known it was your birthday.
- I would have bought you a present if I had known it was your birthday.
- If you'd given me your e-mail, I'd have written to you.
- If you had given me your e-mail, I would have written to you.
Perfektikonditionaalin aikamuoto
Minkä tahansa verbin perfektikonditionaali muodostetaan kolmesta elementistä:
would + have + mennyt partisiippi
Have, jota seuraa mennyt partisiippi, on käytössä myös muissa rakenteissa. Sitä kutsutaan nimellä "perfekti infinitiivi".
| Subjekti | + would | + have | + mennyt partisiippi |
|---|---|---|---|
| He | would | have | gone |
| They | would | have | stayed |
To Go: perfektikonditionaali
| Myönteinen | Kielteinen | Kysymyslause | Kielteinen kysymyslause |
|---|---|---|---|
| I would have gone | I wouldn't have gone | Would I have gone? | Wouldn't I have gone? |
| You would have gone | You wouldn't have gone | Would you have gone? | Wouldn't you have gone? |
| He would have gone | He wouldn't have gone | Would he have gone? | Wouldn't he have gone? |
| She would have gone | She wouldn't have gone | Would she have gone? | Wouldn't she have gone? |
| We would have gone | We wouldn't have gone | Would we have gone? | Wouldn't we have gone? |
| They would have gone | They wouldn't have gone | Would they have gone? | Wouldn't they have gone? |